It enables the expert to continuously work on a problem without being interrupted while the knowledge is obtained. Observation involves observing how an expert solves a problem. Then, a rating grid is formed by rating the objects according to the traits. First, the expert is asked to identify the objects in the problem domain and the traits that differentiate them. Repertory grid analysis investigates the expert's mental model of the problem domain. The advantage of protocol analysis is the accurate description of the specific actions and rationales as the expert solves the problem. The problem-solving process being described is then analyzed to produce a structured model of the expert's knowledge, including objects of significance, important attributes of the objects, relationships among the objects, and inferences drawn from the relationships.
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The difference from interviewing is that experts find it much easier to talk about specific problem instances than to talk in abstract terms. In this approach, an expert is asked to talk about his or her thinking process while solving a given problem. Protocol analysis is another technique of data analysis originated in clinical psychology. If the results differ, find the rules or procedures that lead to the discrepancy and return to step 1 to elicit more knowledge to resolve the problem. (b)Īnalyze the same set of data using the documented knowledge. Have the expert analyze a new set of data. Test the new knowledge using a set of data: (a) The interviewing process in building COMPASS has an elicit–document–test cycle as follows: 1.ĭocument the elicited knowledge in rules and procedures. COMPASS is an expert system that examines error messages derived from a telephone switch's self-test routines and suggests running of additional tests or replacing a particular component. This technique reduces the interpretation problem inherent in the unstructured interviewing as well as the distortion caused by domain expert subjectivity.Īs an example, let's look at the interviewing process used in constructing GTE's COMPASS system ( Prerau, 1990). Here, experts either fill out a set of carefully designed questionnaire cards or answer questions carefully designed based on an established domain model of the problem-solving process.
#Getting the problem domain of the database back in focus series
A more effective form of interviewing is called structured interviewing, which is goal-oriented and directed by a series of clearly stated goals. The major problem of this approach results from the inability of domain experts to explicitly describe their reasoning process and the biases involved in human reasoning. The basic form involves free-form or unstructured question–answer sessions between the domain expert and the knowledge engineer. Interviewing is a technique used for eliciting knowledge from domain experts and design requirements. Commonly used techniques include interviewing, protocol analysis, repertory grid analysis, and observation.
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Many knowledge acquisition techniques and tools have been developed with various strengths and limitations. If the knowledge base is incomplete or insufficient to solve the problem, alternative knowledge acquisition techniques may be applied, and additional knowledge acquisition process may be conducted. Knowledge verification: The prototype expert system containing the formal representation of the heuristics and concepts is verified by the experts. These representations are used in implementing a prototype expert system. Knowledge analysis: The outputs from the knowledge extraction phase, such as concepts and heuristics, are analyzed and represented in formal forms, including heuristic rules, frames, objects and relations, semantic networks, classification schemes, neural networks, and fuzzy logic sets.
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Knowledge extraction: The goal is to extract knowledge from experts by applying various knowledge acquisition techniques. Planning: The goal is to understand the problem domain, identify domain experts, analyze various knowledge acquisition techniques, and design proper procedures. In general, the knowledge acquisition process through a knowledge engineer can be divided into four phases: 1. Capturing domain knowledge of a problem domain is the first step in building an expert system.